Excel Conditional Formatting tutorial with examples

What is conditional formatting in Excel?

Excel Conditional Formatting is used to apply certain formatting to data that meets one or more conditions. Just like usual cell formatting, it lets you highlight and differentiate your data in various ways by changing cells' fill color, font color, border styles, etc. The difference is that it is more flexible and dynamic - when the data changes, conditional formats get updated automatically to reflect the changes.

Conditional formatting can be applied to individual cells or entire rows based on the value of the formatted cell itself or another cell. To conditionally format your data, you can utilize preset rules or create custom rules where you define when and how the selected cells should be highlighted.

Where is conditional formatting in Excel?

In all versions of Excel 2010 through Excel 365, conditional formatting resides in the same place - on the Home tab, in the Styles group.

Now that you know where to find conditional formatting in Excel, let's move on and see how you can leverage it in your daily work to make more sense of the project you are currently working on.

For our examples, we will use Excel 365, which seems to be the most popular version these days. However, the options are essentially the same in all Excels, so you won't have any problems with following no matter what version is installed on your computer.

How to use conditional formatting in Excel

To truly leverage the capabilities of conditional format, you need to learn how to utilize various rule types. The good news is that whatever rule you are going to apply, it defines the two key things:

• What cells are covered by the rule.
• What condition should be met.

So, here's how you use Excel conditional formatting:

1. In your spreadsheet, select the cells you want to format.
2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Conditional Formatting.
3. From a set of inbuilt rules, choose the one that suits your purpose.
   
   As an example, we are going to highlight values less than 0, so we click Highlight Cells Rules > Less Than…
4. In the dialog window that appears, enter the value in the box on the left and choose the desired format from the drop-down list on the right (default is Light Red Fill with Dark Red Text).
   
   When done, Excel will show you a preview of formatted data. If you are happy with the preview, click OK.

In a similar manner, you can use any other rule type that is more appropriate for your data, such as:

• Greater than or equal to
• Between two values
• Text that contains specific words or characters
• Date occurring in a certain range
• Duplicate values
• Top/bottom N numbers

How to create a new conditional formatting rule

If none of the preset rules meets your needs, you can create a new one from scratch. To get it done, follow these steps:

1. Select the cells to be formatted and click Conditional Formatting > New Rule.
2. In the New Formatting Rule dialog box that opens, select the rule type.
   
   For example, to format cells with percent change less than 5% in either direction, we choose Format only cells that contain, and then configure the rule like shown in the screenshot below:
3. Click the Format… button, and then choose the Fill or/and Font color you want.
4. Click OK twice to close both dialog windows and your conditional formatting is done!

Excel conditional formatting based on another cell

In the previous examples, we highlighted cells based on "hardcoded" values. However, in some cases it makes more sense to base your condition on a value in another cell. The advantage of this approach is that irrespective of how the cell value changes in future, your formatting will adjust automatically to respond to the change.

As an example, let's highlight prices in column B that are greater than the threshold price in cell D2. To accomplish this, the steps are:

1. Click Conditional formatting> Highlight Cells Rules > Greater Than…
2. In the dialog box that pops up, place the cursor in the text box on the left (or click the Collapse Dialog icon), and select cell D2.
3. When done, click OK.

As a result, all the prices higher than the value in D2 will get highlighted with the selected color:

That is the simplest case of conditional formatting based on another cell. More complex scenarios may require the use of formulas. And you can find several examples of such formulas along with the step-by-step instructions in these articles:

• Excel conditional formatting formulas based on another cell
• How to change the row color based on a cell's value

Apply multiple conditional formatting rules to same cells

When using conditional formats in Excel, you are not limited to only one rule per cell. You can apply as many rules as your business logic requires.

For example, you can create 3 rules to highlight prices higher than $105 in red, higher than $100 in orange, and higher than $99 in yellow. For the rules to work correctly, you need to arrange them in the right order. If the "greater than 99" rule is placed first, then only the yellow formatting will be applied because the other two rules won't have a chance to be triggered - obviously, any number that is higher than 100 or 105 is also higher than 99 :)

To re-arrange the rules, this is what you need to do:

1. Select any cell in your dataset covered by the rules.
2. Open the Rules Manager by clicking Conditional Formatting > Manage Rules…
3. Click the rule that needs to be applied first, and then use the upward arrow to move it to top. Do the same for the second-in-priority rule.
4. Select the Stop If True check box next to all but the last rule because you do not want the subsequent rules to be applied when the prior condition is met.

What is Stop if True in Excel conditional formatting?

The Stop If True option in conditional formatting prevents Excel from processing other rules when a condition in the current rule is met. In other words, if two or more rules are set for the same cell and Stop if True is enabled for the first rule, the subsequent rules are disregarded after the first rule is activated.

In the example above, we have already used this option to ignore subsequent rules when the first-in-priority rule applies. That usage is quite evident. And here are another couple of examples where the use of the Stop If True function is not so obvious but extremely helpful:

• How to show only some items of the icon set
• Exclude blank cells from conditional formatting

How to edit Excel conditional formatting rules

To make some changes to an existing rule, proceed in this way:

1. Select any cell to which the rule applies and click Conditional Formatting > Manage Rules…
2. In the Rules Manager dialog box, click the rule you want to modify, and then click the Edit Rule… button.
3. In the Edit Formatting Rule dialog window, make the required changes and click OK to save the edits.

   That dialog window looks very similar to the New Formatting Rule dialog box used for creating a new rule, so you won't have any difficulties with it.

How to copy Excel conditional formatting

To apply a conditional format you've created earlier to other data, you won't need to re-create a similar rule from scratch. Simply use Format Painter to copy the existing conditional formatting rule(s) to another data set. Here's how:

1. Click any cell with the formatting you want to copy.
2. Click Home > Format Painter. This will change the mouse pointer to a paintbrush.

   Tip. To copy the formatting to multiple non-contiguous cells or ranges, double-click Format Painter.

3. To paste the copied formatting, click on the first cell and drag the paintbrush down to the last cell in the range you want to format.
4. When done, press Esc to stop using the paintbrush.
5. Select any cell in your new dataset, open the Rules Manager and check the copied rule(s).

How to delete conditional formatting rules

I've saved the easiest part for last :) To delete a rule, you can either:

• Open the Conditional Formatting Rules Manager, select the rule and click the Delete Rule button.
• Select the range of cells, click Conditional Formatting > Clear Rules and choose the option that fits your needs.

Practice workbook for download

Excel conditional formatting - examples (.xlsx file)

More about Excel Conditional Formatting

Here are a few more tutorials that can help you understand the inner mechanics and expand conditional formatting in your spreadsheets far beyond its traditional uses:

• Excel Icon Sets, Data Bars and Color Scales - classic and non-trivial uses of these formats.
• Excel formulas for conditional formatting based on another cell - how to format individual cells and entire rows based on formula-driven data on another cell's value.
• How to conditionally format dates in Excel - how to apply Excel conditional formatting to dates using built-in rules and formulas.
• How to change the row color based on a cell's value in Excel - how you can quickly shade an entire row based on a numeric or text value of a single cell.
• Change background color based on cell value - two quick ways to change the background color of cells based on their values.
• Alternate row colors in Excel - how to shade every other or every N row using table styles and conditional formatting.
• How to sum and count by color in Excel - how to sum and count colored cells with custom functions and VBA. The solutions work both for cells colored manually and with conditional formatting.
• How to highlight duplicates in Excel - how to use conditional formatting to highlight duplicates values.
• Cell references in Excel conditional formatting - how to correctly use relative and absolute cell references in formula-based conditional formatting rules.
• Excel conditional formatting for blank cells - Everything you need to know about conditional format for empty cells in Excel.