SORTBY function - custom sort in Excel 365 and 2021 with formula

SORTBY function - 4 things to remember

For an Excel SORTBY formula to work correctly, there are a few important points to take notice of:

• By_array arguments should be either one row high or one column wide.
• The array and all by_array arguments must have compatible dimensions. For example, when sorting by two columns, array, by_array1 and by_array2 should have the same number of rows; otherwise a #VALUE error will occur.
• If the array returned by SORTBY is the final result (output in a cell and not passed to another function), Excel creates a dynamic spill range and populates it with the results. So, be sure you have enough empty cells down and/or to the right of the cell where you enter the formula, otherwise you'll get a #SPILL error.
• The results of SORTBY formulas update automatically whenever the source data changes. However, new entries that are added outside of the array referenced in the formula are not included in the results unless you update the array reference. For the referenced array to expand automatically, convert the source range to an Excel table or create a dynamic named range.

Sort by multiple columns

The basic formula discussed above sorts data by one column. But what if you need to add one more level of sorting?

Assuming our sample table has two fields, Status (column B) and Value (column C), we wish to sort first by Status alphabetically, and then by Value descending.

To sort by two columns, we just add one more pair of the by_array / sort_order arguments:

• Array is A2:C10 - this time, we want to include all three columns in the results.
• By_array1 is B2:B10 - first, sort by Status.
• Sort_order1 is 1 - sort alphabetically from A to Z.
• By_array2 is C2:C10 - then, sort by Value.
• Sort_order2 is -1 - sort from largest to smallest.

As the result, we get the following formula:

=SORTBY(A2:B10, B2:B10, 1, C2:C10, -1)

Which rearranges our data exactly as we instructed it:

Custom sort in Excel with a formula

To sort data in a custom order, you can either use Excel's Custom Sort feature or build a SORTBY MATCH formula in this way:

Taking a closer look at our data set, you will probably find it more convenient to sort the projects by their status "logically", e.g. by importance, rather than alphabetically.

To have it done, we first create a custom list in the desired sort order (In progress, Completed, On hold) typing each value in a separate cell in the range E2:E4.

And then, using the generic formula above, we supply the source range for array (A2:C10), the Status column for range_to_sort (B2:B10), and the custom list that we created for custom_list (E2:E4).

=SORTBY(A2:C10, MATCH(B2:B10, E2:E4, 0))

As the result, we've got the projects sorted by their status exactly as needed:

To sort by custom list in the reverse order, put -1 for the sort_order1 argument:

=SORTBY(A2:C10, MATCH(B2:B10, E2:E4, 0), -1)

And you'll have the projects sorted in the opposite direction:

Want to additionally sort records within each status? No problem. Simply, add one more sort level to the formula, say by Value (C2:C10), and define the desired order of sorting, ascending in our case:

=SORTBY(A2:C10, MATCH(B2:B10, E2:E5, 0), 1, C2:C10, 1)

A big advantage of the SORTBY formula over Excel's Custom Sort feature is that the formula updates automatically whenever the original data changes, while the feature requires cleaning up and re-sorting with each change.

How this formula works:

As already mentioned, Excel's SORTBY function can only process "sort by" arrays whose dimensions are compatible with the source array. As our source array (C2:C10) contains 9 rows and the custom list (E2:E4) only 3 rows, we cannot supply it directly to the by_array argument. Instead, we use the MATCH function to create a 9-row array:

MATCH(B2:B10, E2:E5, 0)

Here, we use the Status column (B2:B10) as lookup values and our custom list (E2:E5) as lookup array. The last argument is set to 0 to look for exact matches. As the result, we get an array of 9 numbers, each representing the relative position of a given Status value in the custom list:

{1;3;2;1;3;2;2;1;2}

This array goes directly to the by_array argument of the SORTBY function and forces it to place the data in the order corresponding to the elements of the array, i.e. first entries represented by 1's, then entries represented by 2's, and so on.

Random sort in Excel with a formula

In earlier Excel versions, you can do a random sort with the RAND function as explained in this tutorial: How to randomly sort a list in Excel.

In new Excel, you can use a more powerful RANDARRAY function together with SORTBY:

Where array is the source data that you want to shuffle.

This generic formula works for a list consisting of a single column as well as for a multi-column range.

For example, to randomly sort a list in A2:A10, use this formula:

=SORTBY(A2:A10, RANDARRAY(ROWS(A2:A10)))

To shuffle data in A2:C10 keeping the rows together, use this one:

=SORTBY(A2:C10, RANDARRAY(ROWS(A2:C10)))

How this formula works:

The RANDARRAY function produces an array of random numbers to be used for sorting, and you pass it in the by_array argument of SORTBY. To specify how many random numbers to generate, you count the number of rows in the source range by using the ROWS function, and "feed" that number to the rows argument of RANDARRAY. That's it!

Sort cells by string length

To sort cells by the length of text strings they contain, use the LEN function to count the number of characters in each cell, and supply the calculated lengths to the by_array argument of SORTBY. The sort_order argument can be set to either 1 or -1, depending on the preferred order of sorting.

To sort by text string from smallest to largest:

To sort by text string from largest to smallest:

And here's a formula that demonstrates this approach on real data:

=SORTBY(A2:A7, LEN(A2:A7), 1)

Where A2:A7 are the original cells you'd like to sort by text length in ascending order:

Invalid by_array arguments

The by_array argument must be a single row or a single column and compatible in size with the array argument. For example, if array has 10 rows, by_array should also include 10 rows. Otherwise a #VALUE! error occurs.

Invalid sort_order arguments

The sort_order arguments can only be 1 (ascending) or -1 (descending). If no value is set, SORTBY defaults to ascending order. If any other value is set, a #VALUE! error is returned. For more information, see When is #VALUE error raised in Excel?

There isn't enough space for results

Like any other dynamic array function, SORTBY spills the results into an automatically resizable and updatable range. If there are not enough empty cells to display all values, a #SPILL! error is thrown.

Source workbook is closed

If a SORTBY formula references another Excel file, both workbooks need to be open. If the source workbook is closed, a #REF! error occurs.

Your Excel version does not support dynamic arrays

When used in a pre-dynamic version of Excel, the SORT function returns a #NAME? error.